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1 native lead
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > native lead
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2 native lead
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3 native lead
Техника: самородный свинец -
4 native lead
pembukaan -
5 native lead
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6 native lead
• свинец m самородный -
7 native lead
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8 lead
I1) свинец || свинцовый2) свинцевать, освинцовывать3) графит; грифель4) грузик; грузило; отвес5) геол. жильное месторождение6) узкий проход ( в пещере)•- red leadII1) вывод (напр., микросхемы)2) опережение; упреждение || опережать; упреждать3) подводка; подводящий провод4) токоотвод5) соединительный провод, проводник6) шаг винта7) ведушее крыло ставного невода, поводец8) лидировать, быть первым9) вести, сопровождать (кого-л.)10) возгавлять, руководить11) приводить (к чему-л.)12) проводить время•to strip the lead — оголять [зачищать] конец
- tip lead -
9 lead
1) свинцовый
2) подводящий провод
3) проводить
4) свинцевать
5) свинцовоплавильный
6) токоотвод
7) упреждение
8) фазоопережающий
9) шпон
10) приводить
11) вести
12) руководить
13) опережать
14) превосходить
15) опережение
16) шаг винта
17) провод
18) подводка
19) свинец
20) отвес
21) проводник
22) вывод
23) начальный
– allow lead
– angle of lead
– anode lead
– antenna lead
– battery lead
– calibrated lead
– cathode lead
– compensating lead
– electrode lead
– exhaust lead
– extension lead
– fit lead
– fit new lead
– fused lead
– grid lead
– hard lead
– hook lead
– inner lead
– lead angle
– lead arsenate
– lead azide
– lead bath
– lead block
– lead bullion
– lead coating
– lead foil
– lead glass
– lead housing
– lead identification
– lead inductance
– lead nut
– lead of helix
– lead of screw
– lead pencil
– lead pig
– lead rule
– lead screen
– lead screw
– lead sleeve
– lead smeltery
– lead time
– lead to effect
– lead vein
– lead vitriol
– lead wire
– lead wool
– liquated lead
– native lead
– outer lead
– pencil lead
– phase lead
– red lead
– rich lead
– sheet lead
– shielded lead
– spongy lead
– strip the lead
– test lead
– tip lead
– tubed lead
– valve-opening lead
– white lead
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10 native
1) нативный
2) природный
3) туземный
4) естественный
– native arsenic
– native bismuth
– native copper
– native fibre
– native iron
– native lead
– native magnet
– native metal
– native oxygen
– native plant
– occur native
native oxide layer — <chem.> слой оксидный исходный
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11 самородный свинец
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > самородный свинец
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12 Cotton (Uganda)
This state produces more cotton than any other country in Africa, except Egypt, and cotton is the most important crop in the colony. Cotton growing is purely a native industry. The quality is excellent and compares with some of the best American. The native cultivates a quarter to half an acre and sells the cotton to the ginning firms. Improvements in transport by rail and lake will lead to new districts being opened up. The native cultivator is being encouraged to improve his methods of farming. Uganda cotton is 11/2-in to 13/16-in. in length and is generally worth from 150 to 350 points above the price of American Middling. It is believed that this colony could produce 500,000 bales annually. -
13 alloy
1) сплав || сплавлять2) вплавлять3) легирующий элемент || легировать•-
abrasion-resistant alloy
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acidproof alloy
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addition alloy
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aged alloy
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age-hardening alloy
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aging alloy
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air-hardening alloy
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alkali-resistant alloy
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alpha alloy
- alpha iron alloy -
aluminum alloy
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aluminum paste alloy
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aluminum-base alloy
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antifriction alloy
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artificial-interstitial alloy
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backing alloy
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beryllium-copper-aluminum alloy
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beta alloy
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binary alloy
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body-centered cubic alloy
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brass brazing alloy
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brazing metal alloy
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brazing alloy
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castable alloy
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cold-worked alloy
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columbium alloy
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commercial alloy
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copper alloy
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copper-base alloy
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copper-bearing alloy
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corrosion-resistant alloy
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creep-resistant alloy
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difficalt-to-extrude alloy
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directionally solidified alloy
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disordered alloy
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doped alloy
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EBM alloy
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EBR alloy
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electrical-resistance alloy
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electron-beam-melting alloy
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electron-beam-refining alloy
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electroslag refining alloy
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eutectic alloy
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eutectoid alloy
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face-centered cubic alloy
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fancy alloy
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fastener alloy
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fernico alloy
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ferromagnetic alloy
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foundry alloy
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four-component alloy
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free-cutting alloy
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gamma-phase alloy
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general-purpose alloy
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hard-magnetic alloy
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hard-superconducting alloy
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heat-resistant alloy
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heat-treatable alloy
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hexagonal close-packed alloy
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high alloy
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high-carbon alloy
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high-coercitivity alloy
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high-density alloy
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high-melting-temperature alloy
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high-permeability alloy
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high-resistance alloy
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high-strength alloy
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high-temperature alloy
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high-tensile alloy
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high-yield alloy
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homogenized alloy
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hypercutectic alloy
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hypereutectoid alloy
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hypoeutectic alloy
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hypoeutectoid alloy
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interstitial alloy
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iron-aluminum alloy
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iron-base alloy
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iron-bearing alloy
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iron-carbon alloy
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iron-chromium-cobalt alloy
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iron-cobalt alloy
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iron-manganese alloy
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iron-tin alloy
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iron-tungsten alloy
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lead alloy
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lead-antimony alloy
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lead-antimony-tin alloy
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light-metal alloy
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light alloy
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linotype alloy
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low alloy
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low-carbon alloy
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low-ductile alloy
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low-expansion alloy
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low-melting-point alloy
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low-permeability alloy
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low-temperature alloy
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low-tensile alloy
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low-yield alloy
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magnesium-base alloy
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magnesium-rare earth-zirconium alloy
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magnetic alloy
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magnetically hard alloy
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magnetically soft alloy
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magnetic-hardening alloy
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mushy alloy
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native alloy
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nickel-base alloy
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nickel-chromium alloy
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noble metal alloy
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noncorrosive alloy
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nonferrous metal alloy
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nonferrous alloy
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nonheat-treatable alloy
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nonrefractory alloy
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nonscaling alloy
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ordered alloy
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peritectic alloy
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permanent magnet alloy
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powder metallurgical alloy
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precipitation hardened alloy
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preferred-orientation alloy
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process alloy
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quinary alloy
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random alloy
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random-orientation alloy
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rare-earth alloy
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reduction alloy
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refractory alloy
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resistance alloy
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resistance-clement alloy
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resistor alloy
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row alloys
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self-lubricating alloy
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semiaustenitic alloy
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semiconducting alloy
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semiferritic alloy
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semihard magnetic alloy
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shape-metal alloy
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silver brazing alloy
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soft magnetic alloy
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solder alloy
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solid solution alloy
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solution-treated alloy
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stereotype alloy
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strain-hardened alloy
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substitutional alloy
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substitution alloy
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superconducting alloy
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tailored alloy
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tantalum-base alloy
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textured alloy
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thermocouple alloy
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thermomagnetic alloy
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tin-base alloy
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type-metal alloy
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type alloy
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vacuum melted alloy
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vacuum-arc-refining alloy
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vacuum-induction-melting alloy
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VAR alloy
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VIM alloy
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virgin alloy
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wear-resistant alloy
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whisker-reinforced alloy
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white alloy
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work-hardening alloy
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wrought alloy
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zinc-base alloy -
14 crystal
1) кристалл || кристаллический2) хрусталь || хрустальный3) кварц; кварцевая пластина6) пьезокристалл; пьезокристаллическая пластина•-
anizotropic crystal
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antiferroelectric crystal
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as-grown crystal
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atomic crystal
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barium crystal
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bulk crystal
- cholesteric liquid crystal -
cleavage crystal
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close-grained crystal
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covalent crystal
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Czochralski-grown crystal
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dendritic crystal
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disordered crystal
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doped crystal
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drying crystal
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ferroelectric crystal
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ferromagnetic crystal
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filter crystal
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full crystal
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gravity-free growing crystal
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grown crystal
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harmonic mode crystal
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host crystal
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imperfect crystal
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incipient crystal
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inoculating crystal
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interstitial mixed crystals
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ionic crystal
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lamellar crystal
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laser crystal
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lead crystal
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liquid crystal
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melt-grown crystal
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mother crystal
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multilayer crystal
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native-grown crystal
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native crystal
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nematic crystal
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oscillator crystal
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overtone crystal
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perfect crystal
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periodic crystal
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piezoelectric crystal
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polar crystal
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preaged crystal
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pulled crystal
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pyroelectric crystal
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quartz crystal
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rock crystal
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sealy crystal
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seed crystal
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semiconductor crystal
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semiinsulating crystal
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single crystal
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single response crystal
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solution-grown crystal
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steam crystal
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strained crystal
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superionic crystal
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twinned crystal
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twin crystal
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twisted nematic crystal
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twist nematic crystal
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vapor-grown crystal
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virgin crystal
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wedge-shaped crystal
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worked crystal
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zerogravity-producted crystal -
15 Bohemian
1. adjective1) (socially unconventional) unkonventionell; unbürgerlich2) (Geog.) böhmisch2. noun1) (socially unconventional person) Bohemien, der* * *Bo·he·mian[bə(ʊ)ˈhi:miən, AM boʊˈ-]I. nII. adj\Bohemian life Künstlerleben ntto lead a \Bohemian way of life wie ein Bohemien leben, ein Künstlerleben führen* * *[bəU'hiːmIən]1. n1) Böhme m, Böhmin f2) (fig)2. adj1) böhmisch2) (fig)* * *A s1. Böhme m, Böhmin f2. LING Tschechisch n, das TschechischeB adj1. böhmischa) unkonventionell, unbürgerlich (Leben etc),b) Künstler…:* * *1. adjective1) (socially unconventional) unkonventionell; unbürgerlich2) (Geog.) böhmisch2. noun1) (socially unconventional person) Bohemien, der* * *adj.böhmisch adj. n.Böhme -n m.Böhmin -en f. -
16 vein
1. жила 2. жильная интрузия 3. пал., палеобот. жилка 4. узкое русло; поток воды (в материковом льду) 5. узкий водоток (в горных поро дах или в почве)
vein of shallow depth мелкозалегающая жила
accretion vein аккреционная жила, жила повторного заполнения
alive vein продуктивная жила
Alpine vein жила альпийского типа
alunitic-kaolinic gold vein алунито-каолинитовая золотоносная жила
arched vein изогнутая жила
asymmetrical vein асимметричная жила
attrition vein жила трения
ball vein жила с конкрециями железной руды, жила почковидной железной руды
banded vein ленточная [полосчатая]жила
beaded vein чётковидная жила
bed(ded) vein пластовая жила
blanket vein плоская горизонтальная пластовая жила, плащеобразное тело
blind vein жила, не продолжающаяся до поверхности, слепая жила
breccia vein жильная брекчия
buckled vein изогнутая жила
cavernous vein ячеистая жила, жила с пустотами или с кавернами
chambered vein камерная жила
clay vein глиняная жила, глиняный прожилок
coal vein пласт угля
combed vein гребенчатая жила (с друзовой полостью в середине или взаимопроникающими кристаллами)
composite vein сложная жила; система жил
compound vein сложная жила
conjugated vein сопряжённая жила
contact vein контактовая жила
contemporaneous vein жила, образовавшаяся одновременно с вмещающей породой
contraction vein контракционная жила
cross vein поперечная [секущая] жила
crushed vein минерализованная зона
crustificated vein жила с поясовым строением
deep-seated vein глубокозалегающая жила
dilation vein жила выполнения
discovery vein жила-«открывательница»
epithermal vein эпитермальная жила
eruptive vein эруптивная жила, жила, образованная в результате взрыва
exudation vein жила, образовавшаяся в результате циркуляции во вмещающей породе воды
fault fissure vein сбросовая трещинная жила
fibrous vein волокнистая жила
filling vein жила выполнения
fine vein тонкая жилка
fissure vein трещинная жила
flat vein пологопадающая жила
fluorite-tellurium adularia vein флюорито-теллуро-адуляровая жила
folded vein дислоцированная жила, жила, смятая в складки
folded quartz vein смятая кварцевая жила
garnetiferous gold vein гранатсодержащая золотоносная жила
gash vein рубцовая жила (жила в пересекающихся мелких трещинах)
gold-silver adularia vein золото-серебряно-адуляровая жила
hypothermal vein гипотермальная жила (возникшая на большой глубине)
ice vein ледяная жила, ледяной клин
impregnation vein импрегнированная жила
indicator vein жила индикатор
infiltration vein инфильтрационная жила (образована в процессе просачивания горячих минерализованных растворов)
injection vein инъекционная жила
interfoliated vein жила, внедрившаяся между слоями сланцеватой породы, вплетённая жила
interlacing vein штокверк, сетка мелких жил
intersecting vein пересекающая жила
intrusive vein жила изверженной породы
joint vein жилка, заполняющая трещину отдельности
ladder veins ступенчатые жилы
lead vein жила-проводник, прожилок
lenticular vein чечевицеобразная [четковидная] жила
linear vein трубчатая [канальчатая] жила
linked vein связанная жила
low vein тонкий пласт
master vein главная жила
mesothermal vein мезотермальная жила
metalliferous vein рудная жила
metasomatic vein метасоматическая жила, жила замещения
mixed vein смешанная жила
narrow vein тонкая жила, тонкий пласт
native copper vein жила самородной меди
net — сетчатая жила
noble vein жила, содержащая благородные металлы
nonpersistent vein непостоянная жила
ore vein рудная жила
pipe vein трубчатая [столбчатая] жила; рудное тело удлинённой формы
propylitic vein пропилитовая жила
pyrite vein жила пирита
quartz vein кварцевая жила
quick vein продуктивная жила
rake vein крутопадающая вертикальная жила; секущая жила
reopened vein жила вторичного заполнения
replacement vein жила замещения
reticulated veins сетчатые жилы (жилы, пересекающиеся друг с другом, образуя сетку)
saddle vein седловидная жила
secondary vein вторичная жила
sediment vein жила, заполненная сверху осадочным материалом, осадочная жила
segregated vein сегрегационная жила
sericitic-calcitic gold vein серицито кальцитовая золотоносная жила
sericitic copper vein серицитовая медная жила
sericitic copper-silver vein серицитовая медно серебряная жила
sericitic silver-gold vein серицитовая серебряно золотая жила
sericitic zinc-silver vein серицитовая цинково серебряная жила
shattered vein расщеплённая жила
sheet vein пластовая жила
sheeted vein жила разлистования, жила с пластинчатой отдельностью
sideritic lead-silver vein сидеритовая свинцово-серебряная жила
single vein простая жила
slip vein жила образовавшаяся по смещению
spliced veins сращивающиеся жилы
subcommercial vein полупромышленная жила
subcostal vein Ins. субкостальная жилка
ubstitution vein жила замещения
telescoped vein телескопированная жила
tourmaline-copper vein турмалиновая медная жила
tourmaline-gold vein турмалиновая золотоносная жила
transverse vein поперечная жила
true fissure vein глубокая трещинная жила
water vein водяная жила
wavy vein жила с расширениями и пережимами
weak vein межпластовая жила
zeolitic vein цеолитовая жила
* * *• жила• жила-сброс или трещина, заполненная минеральной массой• жила-сброс, заполненная минеральной массой• жила-трещина, заполненная минеральной массой• пласт• прожилок -
17 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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18 tribe
traɪb сущ.
1) племя;
клан, род;
семейство;
поколение to lead a tribe ≈ быть главой рода;
быть вождем племени native tribe ≈ туземное племя nomadic, wandering tribe ≈ кочующее, кочевое племя primitive tribe ≈ первобытное племя Syn: clan, folk
2) римск. триба
3) пренебр. компания, шатия
4) биол. триба племя, род;
клан - primitive *s первобытные племена - to mix /to stay/ with the * жить в (своем) племени (разговорное) большая семья;
семейство;
род - my knowledge of the Johnson * мое знакомство с семейством Джонсонов колено, поколение - the twelve *s of Israel( библеизм) двенадцать колен израилевых (древнеримское) триба (разговорное) (презрительное) компания, шатия - the whole * of parasites вся шатия прихлебателей - the scribbling * писаки - a father with a whole * of children отец со всем своим выводком pl (разговорное) множество, масса - *s of children масса детей (биология) триба tribe племя;
клан ~ биол. триба ~ др.рим. триба ~ пренебр. шатия, компания -
19 metal
1) металл || покрывать металлом || металлический3) щебень || мостить щебнем4) ж.-д. балласт || балластировать5) мн. ч. англ. рельсы6) стекломасса•metal with special expansion properties — металл с особыми свойствами расширения-
added metal
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alkaline metals
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alkali metals
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alkaline-earth metals
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antifriction metal
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as-cast metal
-
as-quenched metal
-
as-rolled metal
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babbitt metal
-
babbit metal
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backing metal
-
base metal
-
basic metal
-
blown metal
-
blue metal
-
brazing filler metal
-
brazing metal
-
burned metal
-
cast metal
-
ceramic metal
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clad metal
-
coarse metal
-
coated metal
-
composite metal
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compound metal
-
coupled metals
-
crude metal
-
cutting metal
-
delta metal
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deposited metal
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direct metal
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dozzle metal
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dual metal
-
ductile metal
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earth metal
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electrode metal
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electrofluxed metal
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electronegative metal
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electropositive metal
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emergency metal
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excess metal
-
expanded metal
-
expanding metal
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ferromagnetic metal
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ferrous base metal
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ferrous metal
-
filler metal
-
fine metal
-
finishing metal
-
first metal
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foamed metal
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fusible metal
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glass bubble-free metal
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glass metal
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hard metal
-
head metal
-
heat-transfer metal
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heavy metal
-
high-density metal
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host metal
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hot metal
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image metal
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jobbing metal
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ladle-degassed metal
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laminated metal
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lead-base white metal
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light metal
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matrix metal
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molten metal
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Monel metal
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native metal
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noble metal
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nonferromagnetic metal
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nonferrous metal
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nonimage metal
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nonreactive metal
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one-dimensional metal
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organic metal
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pallet metal
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parent metal
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pickled sheet metal
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pig metal
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piped metal
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plated metal
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platinum metal
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pot metal
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powdered metal
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precious metal
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prerefined metal
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printer's metal
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rare-earth metals
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raw metal
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reactive metal
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receding metal
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recirculated metal
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reclaimed metal
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red metal
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refined metal
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refractory metal
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reinforcement metal
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rejected metal
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resistance metal
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road metal
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rolled metal
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sandy metal
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scrap metal
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second metal
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sheet metal
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shotted metal
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shot metal
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sintered powder metal
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skull-cast metal
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slush metal
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soluble metal
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solvent metal
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space metal
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speculum metal
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structural metal
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superconducting metal
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synthetic metal
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temperature-sensitive metals
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terne metal
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thermostat metal
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tinning metal
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transition metal
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type metal
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underlying metal
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unstainable metal
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valve metal
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VAR metal
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VIM metal
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virgin metal
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washed metal
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waste metal
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weld metal
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white metal
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work-hardened metal
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wrought metal
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yellow metal
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zone-melted metal
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zone metal -
20 go
[ɡəu] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - goes; verb1) (to walk, travel, move etc: He is going across the field; Go straight ahead; When did he go out?) ir2) (to be sent, passed on etc: Complaints have to go through the proper channels.) passar3) (to be given, sold etc: The prize goes to John Smith; The table went for $100.) ir4) (to lead to: Where does this road go?) ir5) (to visit, to attend: He goes to school every day; I decided not to go to the movie.) ir6) (to be destroyed etc: This wall will have to go.) ser liquidado7) (to proceed, be done: The meeting went very well.) decorrer8) (to move away: I think it is time you were going.) ir embora9) (to disappear: My purse has gone!) sumir10) (to do (some action or activity): I'm going for a walk; I'm going hiking next week-end.) ir (fazer)11) (to fail etc: I think the clutch on this car has gone.) ir-se abaixo12) (to be working etc: I don't think that clock is going.) funcionar13) (to become: These apples have gone bad.) ficar14) (to be: Many people in the world regularly go hungry.) estar15) (to be put: Spoons go in that drawer.) guardar-se16) (to pass: Time goes quickly when you are enjoying yourself.) passar17) (to be used: All her pocket-money goes on sweets.) gastar-se18) (to be acceptable etc: Anything goes in this office.) valer19) (to make a particular noise: Dogs go woof, not miaow.) fazer20) (to have a particular tune etc: How does that song go?) ser21) (to become successful etc: She always makes a party go.) correr bem2. noun1) (an attempt: I'm not sure how to do it, but I'll have a go.) tentativa2) (energy: She's full of go.) genica•- going3. adjective1) (successful: That shop is still a going concern.) bem sucedido2) (in existence at present: the going rate for typing manuscripts.) actual•- go-ahead4. noun(permission: We'll start as soon as we get the go-ahead.) licença- going-over
- goings-on
- no-go
- all go
- be going on for
- be going on
- be going strong
- from the word go
- get going
- give the go-by
- go about
- go after
- go against
- go along
- go along with
- go around
- go around with
- go at
- go back
- go back on
- go by
- go down
- go far
- go for
- go in
- go in for
- go into
- go off
- go on
- go on at
- go out
- go over
- go round
- go slow
- go steady
- go through
- go through with
- go too far
- go towards
- go up
- go up in smoke/flames
- go with
- go without
- keep going
- make a go of something
- make a go
- on the go* * *[gou] n 1 ação de andar, andar. 2 espírito, impulso, energia, animação. 3 estado das coisas, modo, estilo. 4 autorização para prosseguir. 5 vez (de jogar), tentativa. 6 remessa. 7 ocorrência. 8 sucesso. • vt+vi (ps went, pp gone) 1 ir, seguir, prosseguir, andar. 2 sair, partir, deixar, ir embora. 3 estar em movimento, andar, trabalhar (máquinas), soar. 4 ficar, tornar-se, vir a ser. 5 estar, ser. 6 começar, empreender. 7 proceder, avançar. 8 correr, vagar, estar em uso corrente. 9 meter-se, intrometer-se. 10 estender-se, alcançar. 11 passar. 12 ser vendido, ser entregue. 13 tender, levar, conduzir. 14 resultar, redundar. 15 pertencer, caber. 16 combinar, harmonizar. 17 explodir, estourar. 18 deixar de existir, perder, gastar. 19 morrer. 20 afrouxar. a fair go uma chance. all the go na moda. a near go um escape por um triz. anything goes Amer vale tudo. as men go como costuma acontecer com os homens. at one go de uma só vez, simultaneamente. be gone! afaste-se!, saia! dead and gone morto e passado. do you go with me? você me compreende?, você concorda comigo? from the word go desde o começo. go along with you! sem essa!, não acredito em você! going, going, gone! Auction primeiro, segundo, terceiro! go to it! coll vamos a isso! have a go at it! faça uma tentativa! he goes by the name of X ele é conhecido sob o nome X. here’s a go! agora avante! is it a go? combinado? it is all (quite) the go está bem em moda. it is no go coll não vai, não adianta. (it’s) no go nada feito. it was touch and go estava por um fio de cabelo, por um triz. let go! largue! let me go! solte-me! on the go em movimento, em atividade. pop went the bottle a garrafa estourou. that goes for you too isto também se aplica a você. that goes to show Amer isto demonstra. there is no go in the show coll o negócio não anda. there it goes again vai começar tudo de novo. to give it a go tentar. to go about 1 passar de um lugar para outro. 2 estar ocupado com. 3 procurar. 4 circular. to go about one’s business 1 prestar atenção com as suas coisas, seu negócio. 2 partir, deixar. to go abroad viajar para o exterior. to go against ir contra. to go ahead continuar, começar imediatamente. to go along with concordar com, apoiar. to go aside 1 errar. 2 retirar-se. to go astray perder-se, perder o caminho. to go at atacar. to go away partir. to go back voltar. to go back on trair, não cumprir uma promessa. to go bail fiar, afiançar. to go down 1 afundar. 2 deteriorar. 3 ser aceito, acreditado. 4 Comp quebrar. 5 sair da universidade. 6 sl acontecer. 7 ir para a cadeia. to go down on vulg fazer sexo oral com. to go down the drain 1 desperdiçar, não ser aproveitado. 2 perder o valor. to go down with pegar uma doença. to go Dutch repartir proporcionalmente uma conta ou despesa, Braz coll rachar uma conta. to go far ir longe, ter sucesso. to go for 1 atacar. 2 ir atrás. 3 tentar. 4 ser atraído por. 5 buscar, procurar. to go for broke arriscar tudo para vencer, dar o máximo de si. to go for nothing não ter valor. to go halves dividir igualmente uma conta, despesa. to go hang ser esquecido, negligenciado. to go hard with passar por dificuldades, custar caro a, ser difícil para. to go in entrar. to go in and out entrar e sair livremente. to go in for 1 praticar. 2 ter como profissão ou hobby. he goes in for sailing / ele gosta de velejar. he decided to go in for law / ele decidiu estudar (seguir a carreira de) direito. 3 participar de uma competição, prestar um exame. to go into 1 entrar. he went into convulsions / ele entrou em convulsões. he went into business / ele entrou nos negócios. 2 investigar. 3 ter, adotar como profissão. to go in unto Bib ter relações sexuais com. to go in with entrar em uma sociedade com, ajuntar-se com. to go it alone fazer algo sozinho, virar-se sozinho. to go live Radio, TV estar ao vivo. to go native adaptar-se a uma cultura estrangeira. to go off 1 deixar, partir. the train went off / o trem partiu. 2 disparar, explodir. the gun went off / a arma disparou. 3 piorar, deteriorar. the cinema has gone off / o cinema piorou. 4 estragar (comida). 5 chegar a uma conclusão esperada. 6 deixar de gostar de uma pessoa. 7 sl experimentar orgasmo. to go off with 1 largar um relacionamento para se relacionar com uma outra pessoa. 2 levar, pegar, carregar. to go on 1 continuar. you can’t go on the way you’ve been / você não pode continuar desta maneira. 2 comportar-se. 3 falar muito. he went on about it for half an hour / ele falou sobre isso durante meia hora. 4 existir, durar. 5 adequar-se. 6 começar. 7 aparecer no palco. 8 acontecer. to go on a journey sair em viagem. to go one better than exceder, sobrepujar. to go one’s own way agir, fazer independentemente. to go one’s way partir. to go on horseback andar a cavalo. to go on strike entrar em greve. to go on well with dar-se muito bem com. to go out 1 tornar-se extinto, extinguir. the fire went out / o fogo apagou-se. 2 partir, sair. 3 sair de moda. to go out of business deixar, desistir de um negócio, fechar as portas. to go out of fashion sair da moda. to go out of print estar esgotado (livros). to go over 1 revisar, rever, examinar. 2 relembrar. 3 ficar perto de. 4 visitar. 5 repetir. to go over to 1 mudar de opinião ou de partido. 2 TV mudar o lugar da transmissão. to go places 1 viajar muito. 2 prosperar, progredir, fazer sucesso. to go round ter suficiente. to go shares dividir. to go sick ficar doente. to go slow trabalhar, produzir menos (para obter algo dos empresários). to go stag sair desacompanhado. to go steady namorar firme. to go through 1 passar por. 2 gastar tudo. 3 Jur ir, ser aceito. 4 praticar, ensaiar. 5 olhar cuidadosamente. 6 ler do começo ao fim. to go through fire and water passar por todas as situações. to go together harmonizar, condizer. to go to pieces ficar em pedaços. the doll has gone to pieces / a boneca ficou em pedaços. to go under 1 falhar. 2 afundar, submergir. to go up 1 subir, ascender, aumentar. 2 ser destruído por fogo ou explosão. 3 aumentar preços. 4 entrar em uma universidade. to go with acompanhar, concordar, combinar. to go without passar sem. that goes without saying / é evidente, não precisa dizer. to go wrong dar errado, falhar, fracassar. to have a go tentar. to have a go at 1 criticar. 2 atacar fisicamente. 3 amolar, irritar alguém. what goes with it? o que é que acompanha isto? who goes? de quem é a vez? who goes there? quem está aí? years gone by anos passados.
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